Effects of an embodied cognitive learning-based inductive venipuncture arm simulator on nursing internship trainees’ learning achievement, motivation, self-efficacy, and anxiety

This study developed an inductive venipuncture arm simulator (IVPAS) based on embodied cognitive theory for healthcare providers to enhance their learning and experience of venipuncture skills. The IVPAS integrated a highly adopted simulated arm model, which is available on the market, with customized simulated blood vessels. Equipped with a touch-sensitive device, the IVPAS offered feedback on the proper angle of insertion and vein location, enabling trainees to safely practice venipuncture techniques in a realistic setting. In addition, this system simulated unexpected occurrences that could arise during venipuncture, such as fainting and nerve injury, to enhance trainees’ capacity to respond effectively in real-time situations. This study adopted a mixed-methods design to examine the effectiveness of the IVPAS learning approach in venipuncture training for nursing internship trainees. It was applied to simulated venipuncture training for nursing internship trainees at a medical college. This study analyzed the learning achievement, learning motivation, self-efficacy, performance in the direct observation of procedural skills (DOPS) assessment, anxiety levels, and interview results among nursing internship trainees. Higher post-intervention scores were observed for trainees’ learning achievement, learning motivation, and self-efficacy. Moreover, there was a significant reduction in their anxiety levels. These findings suggest that the IVPAS, as a tool grounded in embodied cognitive learning, not only facilitated nursing internship trainees’ mastery of venipuncture skills, but was also associated with higher learning motivation and self-efficacy. Additionally, reduced anxiety was observed during the learning process.