Association between iron deficiency anemia and depression among adolescent girls: A case–control study in Gujarat, India

Abstract Background: Depression is highly prevalent in adolescent females, and iron deficiency, a remediable condition, may be a contributing factor, although this relationship lacks clear documentation. Aim and Objectives: The primary aim and objective of this investigation were to examine the correlation between iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and the susceptibility to depression in adolescent females. Materials and Methods: This case–control research was carried out between July 2024 and November 2024 in selected schools in Gujarat, India, involving 120 adolescent females aged 15–20 years. The case group consisted of 60 participants meeting depression criteria (patient health questionnaire-9 ≥ 10, ICD-10), while 60 age-matched nondepressed individuals served as controls. Rigorous criteria were applied to ensure the exclusion of confounding variables. Data encompassed demographic information, body mass index, physical activity levels (assessed via Global Physical Activity Questionnaire), and the use of dietary supplements. Hemoglobin levels were evaluated to categorize anemia following World Health Organization guidelines. Blood samples were collected with consent. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23, applying Chi-square tests with a significance level set at P < 0.05. Results: The results demonstrated a significantly higher prevalence of anemia in the depressed group (53.3%), which was markedly greater than that in the control group (13.3%), indicating a sevenfold elevated risk of depression ( P < 0.001). In addition, obesity exhibited an association with depression (33.3% vs. 25.0%; odds ratio [OR] =1.58, P = 0.048), while inadequate physical activity displayed a robust correlation with depression (40% vs. 16.7%; OR = 3.33, P = 0.007). No substantial age discrepancy was noted between the groups ( P = 0.261). Conclusion: This study underscores a notable relationship between IDA and an escalated likelihood of depression among adolescent females. Timely identification, nutritional interventions, and regular mental health evaluations are imperative for efficient prevention and treatment.