Assessment of parental involvement in child health services for early childhood development and associated factors among children under 5 years old in Kolfe Keraniyo Sub City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study

Parents play a key role in shaping their children's feelings of safety through supportive approaches that foster mental and social growth. In contrast, harsh, abusive, or erratic parenting can erode the bond between parent and child, which may result in antisocial behaviors and mental health challenges in children. Hence, the importance of parents in delivering healthcare, nutrition, hygiene, and emotional support is vital for their growth and development. This study aimed to evaluate the participation of parents in child health (CH) services for early childhood development and the related factors for children below 5 years old in the Kolfe Karaniyo Sub City of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in 2024. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 423 parents selected using systematic random sampling from 3 woredas. Data were collected through interviewer-administered questionnaires. Data entry was done using EpiData 3.1 and analyzed with SPSS version 27. Descriptive statistics were presented as frequencies and percentages. Bi-variable logistic regression (P < .25) was used to identify candidate variables, which were then included in multivariable logistic regression. Statistical significance was set at P < .05. In total, 59.9% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 55, 64.3) of parents exhibited a high level of engagement in CH services. This research uncovered several factors that were significantly linked to parental participation in these services. These factors include: the mother's education level (primary and above): adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.82, 95% CI: (1.73, 3.61), the mother's employment status (housewife): AOR = 2.08, 95% CI: (1.24, 2.97), monthly income (high): AOR = 3.46, 95% CI: (2.95, 6.79), perception of healthcare affordability: AOR = 3.51, 95% CI: (2.19, 4.97), and a strong understanding of childhood developmental milestones: AOR = 2.33, 95% CI: (1.49, 3.64). These factors were identified as having significant correlations with parental involvement in CH services. The results of this research indicate a moderate degree of parental engagement in CH services when compared to other studies. Nonetheless, it is crucial to keep advocating for and improving parental participation in CH services to enhance outcomes.