Whole Process Restoration Strategy of Active Distribution Network Considering Battery Swapping Stations’ Black-Start and Dynamic Island Partition

Due to the continuously rising demand for electric vehicle use in distribution networks and power system disruptions caused by natural events and cyber threats, difficulties arise in managing, designing, and recovering the active distribution network. This paper proposes a whole process restoration model considering an electric vehicle battery swapping station with black-start service and islanding partition with loop-elimination radiality. Firstly, the framework for electric vehicle demand and the charging and discharging processes of battery swapping facilities is created, reflecting driving patterns and the order of charging and discharging. Next, the possible main bus and the removal of circular networks are considered in the context of multi-timeframe islanding partitions. Then, the models of units’ start-up sequence and grid reconstruction are established to ensure the system’s successful restoration. The objective function is to minimize the outage loss, restoration time, switch operations and scale of distribution islands. Finally, the practicality and efficiency of the suggested approach are confirmed through the PG&E69-bus system and the 185-node distribution network, which achieves considerable enhancement in system strength and dependability.