The Pangolin Skills Theory (TPST): A Conceptual and Philosophical Framework for Individual and Organisational Development

Theories have played a fundamental role in explaining individual behaviour, organisational performance, leadership, and institutional development. However, existing theories have paid comparatively less attention to the integrated role of original values and skills as the foundational determinants of individual and organisational direction towards developmental success. This paper develops the Pangolin Skills Theory (TPST) as a conceptual and philosophical framework inspired by the distinctive characteristics of the pangolin. The theory argues that original values and skills constitute the strongest foundation for effective individual and organisational development, while knowledge and experience acquired through education, training, interaction with others, and long-term service strengthen their effective application. The paper adopts a conceptual and philosophical approach through critical analysis of literature, logical reasoning, and observation of the pangolin's unique characteristics. TPST conceptualises original values as the moral, ethical, and cultural principles that define identity and direction, while skills represent the practical competencies that enable individuals and organisations to achieve purposeful action. Knowledge and experience complement these foundational elements by improving judgement, competence, and decision-making. The theory has broad applications in education, leadership, organisational management, business, public administration, community development, and other developmental contexts. It contributes to theory by providing an integrated framework that explains how original values, skills, knowledge, and experience interact to guide sustainable development at both individual and organisational levels.