Transforming inclusive conservation management with the Kasepuhan indigenous communities in Mount Halimun Salak National Park, Indonesia

The transformation of conservation area management towards an inclusive approach is becoming increasingly important in addressing agrarian conflicts, the marginalization of indigenous peoples, and the limitations of exclusive conservation approaches. This article analyzes the transformation of inclusive conservation management in Mount Halimun Salak National Park (MHSNP) in Indonesia through the recognition of customary forests and joint management practices with the Kasepuhan indigenous community. The study uses a qualitative case study approach through in-depth interviews, field observations, and discussions with indigenous communities, national park managers, and relevant stakeholders. The results show that exclusive conservation policies have triggered structural agrarian conflicts and restricted the living space and livelihoods of indigenous peoples. Constitutional Court Decision No. 35/PUU-X/2012 was an important turning point in restoring indigenous peoples’ management rights, strengthening indigenous institutions, and integrating local knowledge into forest management. Kasepuhan management practices align with the principles of ecological sustainability through customary zoning and culture-based monitoring. However, inclusive conservation still faces challenges, including bureaucracy, overlapping state and customary zoning, and the risk of erosion of local knowledge. This study confirms that collaborative learning-based co-management is a crucial prerequisite for achieving long-term ecological sustainability and social justice.