Where risks concentrate in modular integrated construction: a model for risk measurement and prioritization during assembly and final installation phases

Although modular integrated construction (MiC) has gained increasing attention for its potential to improve project performance, risk assessment during the assembly and final installation phases remains underdeveloped, particularly in terms of measurement and prioritization. This study develops a risk measurement model for MiC projects during the assembly and installation phases by establishing a hierarchical structure of risk components and their associated factors and determining their relative importance under uncertainty. A total of 35 risk factors were identified through literature review and expert refinement, followed by factor analysis and fuzzy AHP weighting. The analysis identified seven risk components, with lifting operations and equipment management, component quality and interface integrity, and planning and execution alignment emerging as the dominant risk areas. At the factor level, tower crane breakdown, connection errors, and production schedules not reflecting site conditions remain the most influential risks. The model was further applied to real MiC projects, and its stability was examined through sensitivity analysis. Unlike previous studies that focused on individual aspects of MiC risk assessment, this research provides a structured model that links risk components, relative weights, and project-level risk scores to support risk measurement, prioritization, and comparison during the MiC assembly and final installation phases.