The Force–Velocity Profile in Elite Cyclists According to Discipline, Category and Sex

Abstract To set reference descriptives for training purposes, this study analysed the force–velocity profile in elite cyclists, considering sex, category (elite, under 23, and junior), and discipline (bicycle motocross, mountain bikes, road, and track). Elite cyclists (n=107; 53 men, 20.00 [3.78] y and 54 women, 20.76 [4.43] years) underwent force–velocity testing during preseason. Participants performed six squat jumps ranging from 0% to 70% of body weight, measured via a Chronojump Bosco system platform. Outcomes included maximal power, maximal force, maximal velocity, and force–velocity slope. Men reflected higher maximal power (4.32 W·kg−1, 95% confidence interval: 1.11–7.53, p < 0.001) and maximal force (4.57 N·kg−1, 95% confidence interval: 1.77–7.37, p=0.001) than women, with no differences in maximal velocity or force–velocity slope. Bicycle motocross men showed the highest maximal force (p = 0.001) and the steepest force–velocity slope (p = 0.012) relative to other disciplines, pointing to a greater force orientation. No significant between-discipline differences were observed for maximal power (p = 0.519 in men; p = 0.191 in women—including road/mountain bikes/track only) or maximal velocity in either sex. Discipline shapes the squat-jump-derived force–velocity profile in elite cyclists. Whiles gender affects strength and power but not slope or velocity, category is not determinant. The squat force–velocity profile is informative and easy-to-conduct but should be considered individually and complemented with specific testing.