An advanced undergraduate lab on laser noise detection analyzed with a quantum formalism

Both quantum and classical noise are fundamental features of laser beams. This work introduces a quantum optics model to distinguish the two types of noise in a Michelson interferometer experiment for undergraduate education. By measuring photon flux noise in an interferometer, this lab enables undergraduates to observe quantum fluctuations in real data, distinguish quantum noise from classical noise, and develop hands-on skills in optical alignment and quantum measurement. By turning abstract quantum concepts into tangible experiences, it provides foundational training for emerging quantum technologies.