Ecological epigenetics at the intersection of behaviour and life history variation in non-model animals

Abstract Epigenetic processes can alter gene expression without changes in genome sequence, contributing to phenotypic plasticity. However, research integrating epigenetic approaches in natural, non-model systems remains limited despite recent technological advances. Addressing this gap is essential to understand how epigenetic variation influences behavioural plasticity, life history variation and their consequences for individual performance and fitness. Current research is often fragmented across disciplines, including conservation physiology, evolutionary genomics and behavioural ecology. Integrating these perspectives will help develop new approaches to uncover the mechanisms driving variation in animal behaviour and to assess the potential for adaptive responses of organisms and populations under anthropogenic changes. From early development onwards, epigenetic processes mediate the long-term effects of environmental experiences, shaping phenotypes and coping abilities. They also contribute to life history decisions and strategies, influencing processes such as dispersal, reproduction and sociality. By modulating behavioural and life history traits throughout life, epigenetic processes may play a key role in organismal responses and population dynamics in changing environments, potentially facilitating adaptive responses and population persistence under changing environmental conditions. This theme issue also highlights emerging methodological advances and interdisciplinary approaches that are expanding our ability to study epigenetic processes in ecological, non-model systems. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Ecological epigenetics at the intersection of behaviour and life history variation in non-model animals’.