Distinct Transcriptomic Signatures of HIV-1 Tat and gp120 Uncover Differential Neuroimmune Vulnerability in a Gba1-Deficient Synucleinopathy Model

HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) persist despite effective antiretroviral therapy, indicating that chronic neuroimmune dysfunction extends beyond active viral replication. Among HIV-1-derived factors, the viral proteins Tat and gp120 are contributors to sustained brain inflammation. Nevertheless, their comparative impact in genetically vulnerable neural environments remains unclear. Here, we performed a secondary transcriptomic analysis of publicly available RNA-seq data derived from the striatal tissue of hSNCAA53T Gba1+/L444P mice, a model combining α-synuclein overexpression with Gba1-associated lysosomal impairment, following unilateral intrastriatal injection of Tat or gp120. Both proteins induced robust transcriptional remodelling selectively in the injected striatum. Tat primarily elicited a broad inflammatory amplification programme encompassing innate immune sensing, chemokine recruitment, adaptive immune engagement, and loss of homeostatic support. gp120 preferentially activated antigen presentation, complement, oxidative stress, and lysosomal–phagocytic effector pathways consistent with immune-mediated synaptic stress. Despite these distinct profiles, Tat and gp120 converged on a shared microglia-centred effector core. Contralateral striatal tissue was analyzed as distal non-injected tissue to explore the spatial distribution of transcriptional responses and minimal and protein-specific effects were reported. These findings provide a mechanistic framework for HAND heterogeneity and suggest that HIV protein-driven neuroimmune transcriptional programmes may create a molecular environment compatible with increased neurodegenerative vulnerability in lysosome-compromised, α-synuclein-sensitized brains.