Characteristics of male adolescents who engage in harmful sexual behaviours: Findings from an Aotearoa New Zealand multi-site study

BACKGROUND: Adolescents who engage in harmful sexual behaviours (AHSB) represent a heterogeneous group with complex developmental, psychosocial, and family characteristics. Existing national-level data of these characteristics remains limited, particularly outside North America and Europe. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to provide a comprehensive description of individual, family, and victimisation characteristics of AHSB in Aotearoa, New Zealand (NZ), alongside their types of harmful sexual behaviour (HSB). PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: The sample comprised 1205 adolescent males aged 12-17 years old referred to three community agencies across Aotearoa NZ. METHODS: Data were extracted retrospectively from clinical files using standardized protocols. Variables included sociodemographic characteristics, developmental and mental health history, family functioning, victimisation experiences, strengths, and HSB characteristics. RESULTS: The majority of adolescents presented with behavioural, and developmental problems, along with comorbid emotional difficulties. Exposure to family adversity and previous experience of victimisation was prevalent, being predominantly perpetrated by family members. The nature and type of HSB was varied, including both contact, and non-contact behaviours. CONCLUSIONS: The heterogeneity and complexity of developmental histories underscore the need for early intervention efforts targeting child abuse, family violence, and neurodevelopmental vulnerabilities before HSB emerges. Psychological assessment must address the full developmental context rather than only focussing on sexual behaviour.