Designing GIS-Integrated Online Environmental Science and Geography Courses Under Technology Constraints: A Pedagogical Framework for Higher Education

This manuscript as a conceptual paper under the Research and Review Articles section. The manuscript presents a platform-agnostic pedagogical framework for integrating GIS into online environmental science and geography courses when access to specialist software, capable devices, stable internet connectivity, and technical support cannot be assumed. Its contribution lies in connecting GIS education with constructive alignment, Four-Component Instructional Design, cognitive-load management, scaffolding, Community of Inquiry, Universal Design for Learning, TPACK, and authentic assessment. This is an original manuscript that has not been published and is not under consideration by another journal. As a conceptual paper, it does not report empirical participants, data, or findings. The manuscript includes the required declaration regarding the use of generative AI during the writing process. Thank you for considering this submission. Kind regards, Rusma Prima RokhmaningtyasUniversity of the PeopleORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4331-8966