A GIS-based multi-criteria decision framework for mosque site suitability : enhancing ecological resilience and spatial equity in Fez, Morocco

Abstract Mosques are central to Islamic societies, serving not only as places of worship but also as centers for education and community activities. In urban areas like Fez, Morocco, selecting appropriate sites for mosque construction is crucial to ensure accessibility and promote spatial equity. However, current urban planning processes in Fez often lack a systematic framework that integrates technical and ecological constraints, which frequently leads to site selections that are vulnerable to natural risks or difficult for worshippers to access. This study develops a methodology integrating Geographic Information Systems (GIS), the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), and Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) to identify optimal locations for ecologically resilient mosque site selection. By analyzing spatial and ecological criteria derived from literature and expert input, this study evaluates the suitability of 6 existing sites designated in urban plans and proposes 4 new optimal locations. The findings indicate that the suitability model is primarily dominated by technical requirements, notably geotechnical characteristics (AHP weight 0.15) and hydrological conditions (AHP weight 0.12). The results contribute to sustainable urban planning by facilitating the reduction of the environmental impact and construction risks through optimized site placement, ensuring that mosques can fulfill their community roles safely and effectively.