Benchmarking Indonesian Land Parcel Data Quality Regulations Against ISO 19157:2013 and International Geospatial Quality Frameworks: A Regulatory Gap Analysis

Geospatial data quality assurance is fundamental to effective land administration, yet regulatory frameworks vary significantly in their incorporation of internationally recognized quality concepts. This study conducts a systematic regulatory gap analysis assessing the extent to which Indonesian land registration regulations incorporate the quality concepts, measures, evaluation procedures, and reporting requirements defined by ISO 19157:2013. Employing a mixed-methods approach combining qualitative document analysis with a quantitative four-level scoring rubric across ten quality dimensions, we benchmark six Indonesian regulatory instruments against ISO 19157 and five international geospatial quality frameworks (INSPIRE, FGDC, ANZLIC, OGC, and OSM). Results reveal that the Indonesian regulatory framework achieves only 37% overall compliance (11/30 points), compared to 100% for ISO 19157 and INSPIRE, 77% for ANZLIC, 73% for FGDC, 67% for OGC, and 53% for OSM. Critical regulatory gaps exist in temporal quality, usability, lineage documentation, metadata integration, conformance testing, and quality assurance documentation. Inter-rater reliability analysis (Fleiss’ Kappa = 0.78–0.82) confirms the robustness of the scoring process. Based on these findings, we propose a phased, context-appropriate reform roadmap comprising five recommendations with short-term (Year 1), medium-term (Years 2–3), and long-term (Years 4–5) implementation timelines for achieving regulatory alignment with international standards. This regulatory baseline provides the essential foundation for subsequent empirical assessments of cadastral data quality in Indonesian land administration.