Polarization-Aware Segmentation for Camouflaged Threat Detection from UAVs

Abstract. Surface-laid unexploded ordnance (UXO) and landmines constitute a critical humanitarian crisis. While unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) provide a scalable remote sensing solution, detecting modern, non-metallic explosive devices in cluttered environments remains a profound Camouflaged Object Detection (COD) challenge. Traditional optical sensors frequently suffer from foreground-background confusion when a target’s texture mimics its surroundings. To overcome these physical bottlenecks, we introduce XPol- Net, a novel multimodal architecture synergizing the semantic reasoning of Vision Transformers with the deterministic physics of polarimetric imaging. Built on a hierarchical PVTv2 backbone, XPol-Net utilizes a progressive Dual Cross-Attention Strategy for effective modality fusion. In early stages, Channel Cross-Attention (CCA) filters material-specific Degree of Linear Polarization (DoLP) cues to suppress background clutter. In deeper stages, Spatial Cross-Attention (SCA) dynamically aligns high-level RGB semantics with strict structural boundaries. To enhance robustness and prevent modality collapse, we deploy a multi-task auxiliary learning framework that reconstructs the continuous Angle of Linear Polarization (AoLP) map. On the PCOD benchmark, XPol-Net achieves state-of-the-art results in global structural alignment (Eϕ of 0.980 and 0.984 at 352 × 352 and 704 × 704, respectively). While minor trade-offs are observed in localized metrics such as Sα or Fβ, XPol-Net remains highly competitive, consistently delivering superior results in Eϕ and MAE. By prioritizing structural recall over localized strictness, XPol-Net ensures the complete discovery of concealed targets, establishing a reliable, physics-aware foundation for humanitarian demining operations.