From technology adoption to digital transformation: a strategic framework for responsive operations and supply chain management

Abstract This paper addresses the limited theory-driven understanding of how Industry 4.0 (I4.0) technologies can be effectively adopted to enhance responsiveness in operations and supply chain management (OSCM), particularly in terms of flexibility and agility. Drawing on a systematic literature review structured through the context–intervention–mechanism–outcome (CIMO) logic, this paper develops a conceptual framework that integrates the diffusion of innovation (DOI) and dynamic capabilities (DC) theories. This framework conceptualises digital transformation as a cumulative learning process and introduces engagement as a supporting capability that links sensing, seizing, and transforming. A 14-step roadmap translates the framework into actionable steps for practice, and both the framework and roadmap were validated through expert focus groups to ensure applicability. This paper contributes to the theory by clarifying how DOI and DC jointly explain digital transformation in OSCM by providing structured guidance for orchestrating technology adoption and enhancing responsiveness.