Unlocking the potential of carotenoids produced by Phaffia rhodozyma: insights into sustainable biorefinery, health benefits and potential applications

Abstract This review provides a comprehensive and updated overview of recent advances in the production of carotenoids by the yeast Phaffia rhodozyma within the context of white biotechnology. Emphasis is placed on its role in sustainable biorefinery processes, the associated health benefits of its metabolites, and their potential industrial applications. In contrast to conventional reviews, which typically focus on optimizing fermentation parameters or improving extraction methods, this study highlights the intrinsic value of P. rhodozyma biomass as a renewable source of high-value carotenoids, especially astaxanthin. The potential health-promoting properties of these compounds are discussed, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory activities. Furthermore, the review addresses current market trends and examines the contribution of P. rhodozyma to the development of sustainable biorefineries and industrial bioprocesses.