Advanced AGC of multi-area interconnected power systems using SBOA-tuned parallel fuzzy logic controller with energy storage

Load variations, intermittent renewable energy sources, nonlinear dynamics, and intricate inter-area interactions pose a growing challenge to modern interconnected power systems, leading to significant frequency instability and reduced dynamic performance. PDN, TDN, and single-level fuzzy-based systems are examples of conventional AGC controllers that often have limited flexibility, inadequate damping, sluggish settling response, and poor robustness under changing operating conditions and the growing penetration of renewable energy. Cyber disturbances, such as communication delays and false data injection attacks, degrade system resilience and reliability. This study presents a unique SBOA-optimized parallel two-level fuzzy tilt-derivative controller with filter (TLF-TDN) for automatic generation control of multi-area hydrothermal-wind power systems to address these particular deficiencies. In contrast to other approaches, the proposed controller strengthens oscillation damping, adaptive control, and disturbance rejection by combining tilt-derivative action with a parallel two-level fuzzy structure. Super capacitor energy storage systems (SCESs) can also be integrated to provide rapid energy assistance during transients, while HVDC and AC tie lines enable effective power exchange and improve system stability. Specifically, by reducing the integral square error (ISE) objective function, the Secretary Bird Optimization Algorithm (SBOA) is utilized to optimize controller parameters. The effectiveness of the suggested approach, compared with PDN, TDN, and single-level F-TDN controllers, is demonstrated through extensive simulations across various disturbance scenarios. The TLF-TDN controller significantly outperforms current strategies for dependable operation in contemporary interconnected power systems with renewable energy sources, as evidenced by its notable achievements in lower frequency deviations, reduced tie-line oscillations, faster settling times, and stronger dynamic stability.