Revisiting Human–Wildlife Conflict Through a One Health Lens

Global change drivers, including climate change, agriculture, and urbanization, increase contact between wildlife and humans, intensifying human-wildlife conflict (HWC). Wildlife and humans act as reservoirs and hosts, facilitating the exchange of microbiota, pathogens, and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Microbiota mediate cross-species transmission, linking pathogens and resistomes across systems. These processes elevate the risks of zoonotic diseases and antibiotic resistance.