Interventions to prevent sexual harassment in universities: an umbrella review of systematic reviews

This umbrella review analyzes existing literature on sexual harassment (SH) prevention in universities, including approaches that address SH within broader gender-based violence (GBV) forms. Conducted as part of the Uni4Equity project (CERV-2022-DAPHNE Programme), it aims to identify key trends, limitations and gaps in current prevention strategies. A systematic search of four databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and PsycINFO) was conducted to identify relevant systematic reviews evaluating interventions aimed at preventing SH (and related GBV forms) in university settings. Reviews were selected if they (1) demonstrated methodological requirements (e.g., detailed search strategies, pre-registered protocol), (2) were published in English between 2000 and 2024, (3) involved adult populations (students, staff). We identified 17 systematic reviews meeting these criteria, whose methodological quality was rated as “critically low” according to the AMSTAR-2. Notably, none of the included reviews focused specifically on SH, and the available evidence derived from interventions targeting broader forms of GBV. The most consistent results came from bystander intervention programs, which effectively improved knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy, though they had limited impact on actual behavior change. Primary prevention programs addressing sexual and relationship violence had mixed results, while self-defense and risk reduction programs showed limited evidence of effectiveness. Social minorities, including LGBTQ + populations, were notably underrepresented in the studies reviewed. Findings highlight the need for comprehensive, campus-wide strategies that go beyond individual-focused interventions. These strategies should integrate education, policy reforms, awareness campaigns, and staff training. Moreover, they must be inclusive and intersectional, addressing the different layers of gender relations—social, institutional, and interpersonal. Methodological rigor is also essential to develop sustainable and culturally relevant solutions.