Formulation and characterization of nano biopesticides via nanosuspension technology and its packaging designs

Pesticides have long been essential in agriculture for controlling pests, diseases, and weeds; however, their extensive use has led to serious concerns regarding resistance development, environmental contamination, and human health risks. Nano-biopesticides have emerged as a sustainable alternative, offering enhanced efficacy, reduced toxicity, improved target specificity, and controlled release behaviour. These formulations are typically developed either by employing nanomaterials with intrinsic pesticidal activity or by encapsulating active ingredients within nanoscale carriers to improve stability, solubility, and bioavailability. This review focuses on the formulation and characterization of nano-biopesticides via nanosuspension technology, highlighting preparation methods, key components, and mechanisms of action. In addition, special emphasis is placed on the role of advanced packaging design in maintaining physicochemical stability, preventing degradation, and extending shelf-life through the use of biodegradable polymers, UV-protective materials, and smart controlled-release systems. Despite their potential, challenges related to toxicity, environmental fate, and regulatory frameworks remain. Further research is essential to ensure the safe and scalable application of nano-biopesticides in sustainable agriculture.