Assessment of Global Coal and Oil Value Network Characteristics, Resilience and Key Countries’ Influences

Compared with conventional trade networks, the global coal and oil value network provides deeper insights into the competitive capabilities of various countries in the industry. Hence, measuring the resilience of value networks can effectively reflect the authentic recuperative state of energy sectors across diverse nations amid external shocks, which is highly important for maintaining global energy security. This paper, therefore, presents a directed, weighted global coal and oil value network to measure its evolutionary characteristics over the past 24 years. Then, the network’s resilience and the influence of key countries are evaluated through simulated attacks. The main conclusions are as follows. In terms of network characteristics, countries such as Saudi Arabia and Israel, which hold central positions in the coal and oil trade network, do not stand out in the value network. Meanwhile, although Russia ranks second on the value flow scale, it ranks only 15th in comprehensive node importance. Additionally, based on the resilience measurement, the global coal and oil value network has shown positive resilience. Lastly, the impact of attacks on the United States and Russia on the network has exhibited a trend of initial decline followed by an increase. The relevant findings of this study can provide long-term practical references and ideological insights for the governance of global energy security and the formulation of energy transition policies.