Two‐Stage Power Management for Triboelectric Nanogenerators: Toward Reliable and Efficient Self‐Powered Systems

ABSTRACT Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have emerged as promising micro and nanoscale energy harvesters capable of converting ambient mechanical energy into electrical power. However, their practical implementation faces fundamental challenges, including high internal impedance, irregular output under stochastic excitations, and low output energy density. This review focuses on two‐stage power management architectures specifically designed to address these barriers, integrating alternating current–direct current (AC–DC) and direct current–direct current (DC–DC) conversion topologies. By systematically analyzing rectification mechanisms, switching strategies, and step‐down regulation, how these architectures enable impedance matching, voltage stabilization, and efficient energy extraction across diverse operating conditions is elucidated. The synergy between electronic engineering and micro/nanoscale energy harvesting technology is further investigated, and representative applications are outlined, including sensors, portable electronics, and devices operating in extreme environments, reflecting the growing convergence of power electronics and physics. Finally, the review discusses the challenges of integrating TENG‐based power management circuits into practical systems and proposes future directions emphasizing scalability, reliability, and adaptability. These strategies aim to promote the widespread application of green, stable, and sustainable micro and nanoscale energy systems.