Association of ABO/Rh Blood Groups and ABO Gene Variants rs8176746 and rs495828 with COVID-19 Severity Among Egyptian Patients

The link between ABO/Rh blood groups and COVID-19 severity remains a topic of debate. We aimed to investigate the role ABO/Rh blood groups, rs8176746 and rs495828 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), in COVID-19 severity among COVID-19 patients in Mansoura City, Egypt. A total of 306 Egyptian patients were included in this cross-sectional study. They were grouped into 86 cases with non-severe infection and 220 with severe infection according to clinical, laboratory, and radiological findings. ABO/Rh blood groups were confirmed. A TaqMan real-time PCR SNP genotyping assay was used to examine the allelic discrimination of rs8176746 and rs495828 SNPs. Older age, male gender, and the presence of comorbidities were associated with severe COVID-19. AB blood group was significantly associated with a protective effect against severe COVID-19 (p = 0.029) in the unadjusted analysis. There was no statistically significant association between Rh type and disease severity. GT genotype was significantly associated with a higher frequency of AB blood groups in both rs8176746 and rs495828 (p < 0.001). However, there was no statistically significant association between the studied SNPs and COVID-19 severity. After adjusting for age, gender, and the presence of comorbidities, the protective effect of the AB blood group with severe COVID-19 did not remain significant. No association was observed between Rh type rs8176746 and rs495828 SNPs and COVID-19 severity. The impact of ABO/Rh blood types and related SNPs on COVID-19 severity can vary by the ethnic group and population being studied. This diversity emphasizes the need for specialized research approaches to better understand the demographic, clinical, and genetic factors that lead to variations in COVID-19 outcomes among various groups.