Large vision model framework for automated C. elegans analysis: From static morphometry to dynamic neural activity

Quantitative phenotyping of Caenorhabditis elegans is essential across numerous fields, yet data extraction remains a significant analytical bottleneck. Traditional segmentation methods based on pixel-intensity thresholding are highly sensitive to variations in imaging conditions and often fail in the presence of noise, overlaps, or uneven illumination. These failures necessitate meticulous experimental setups, expensive hardware, or extensive manual curation, which reduces throughput and introduces bias. Here, we introduce TWARDIS (Tools for Worm Automated Recognition & Dynamic Imaging System), a modular, Python-based analysis suite that leverages large foundation vision models, specifically the Segment Anything Models (SAM and SAM2) and a fine-tuned vision transformer classifier, to overcome some of these limitations. We demonstrate the versatility of an AI compound system approach across diverse modalities. For static morphological analysis, TWARDIS successfully resolved overlapping worms in noisy images without human intervention, showing a 0.999 correlation with manual segmentation. In behavioral assays (swimming and crawling), the pipeline enabled high-definition postural analysis even in low-resolution, wide-field recordings where the worm occupied only ~0.25% of the field of view, accurately resolving complex postures without frame rejection. Finally, when applied to calcium imaging of semi-restricted animals, TWARDIS provided precise, frame-by-frame segmentation of neural compartments, reducing the artificial signal flattening common in traditional region-of-interest-based approaches and enabling the extraction of biologically accurate, absolute head positions. The system’s hardware-scalable architecture and modular design ensure both current accessibility and future improvements without restructuring. By automating some of the most time-consuming aspects of image analysis, TWARDIS removes many critical bottlenecks and tradeoffs in C. elegans research, enabling researchers to focus on biological questions rather than technical image processing challenges.