Applications of uncertain age-structured population density model concerning time and spatial sources

Uncertain age-structured population density model concerning time and spatial sources (UASPDM-TS) mainly describes the variation laws of population density in different age groups over time and space. Since UASPDM-TS is widely popular in various dynamic architecture with uncertainties, this paper employs UASPDM-TS in some practical applications, including expected value, time and space integrals, extreme values, first hitting time corresponding to the solution of UASPDM-TS. Furthermore, the method of uncertain least squares based on residual is applied in the estimation of unknown parameters of UASPDM-TS. Finally, numerical examples and empirical analyses using actual demographic data of China illustrate in detail these proposed applications.