PF2UML: An Automated Model-Driven Transformation from Problem Frames to UML Requirement Models

Background: Bridging the gap between requirement analysis and system design remains a critical challenge in software engineering. Existing Problem Frames (PF)–based approaches lack automated mapping mechanisms to Unified Modeling Language (UML) models, resulting in requirements-design disconnection, inefficient manual transformation, and insufficient traceability. Methods: We propose PF2UML, a model-driven transformation method that automatically converts PF specifications into comprehensive UML requirement models. The approach comprises three components: (1) an extended PF meta-model with semantic annotations addressing structural, behavioral, and servicelevel gaps; (2) a graphical modeling platform built on Eclipse Modeling Framework (EMF) and Sirius following the Meta-Object Facility (MOF) three-layer architecture; and (3) 24 declarative transformation rules implemented in Atlas Transformation Language (ATL), generating four UML diagram types: conceptual class diagrams, use case diagrams, service diagrams, and SSDs. Results: Validation on five representative opensource systems with 12 participants demonstrates a transformation accuracy of 93.6% (130% improvement over baseline), an average reduction in end-to-end time from Requirements Modeling and Model Transformation (RM+MT) of 26.8%, and a practical average ROI of 236.6%. Conclusion: PF2UML establishes seamless and traceable integration from requirements modeling to system design, significantly reducing manual effort and improving consistency for complex interdisciplinary system development.