Sustainable Drinking Water Treatment Systems for the Niger Delta:A Low-Energy, Renewable-Powered and Water Reuse Approach for Climate-Resilient Communities in Nigeria.

Abstract Access to safe drinking water remains a major challenge in many Niger Delta communities due to a combination of environmental pollution, inadequate infrastructure, energy limitations, and increasing pressure on groundwater resources. The region faces complex water quality challenges including hydrocarbon contamination from crude oil exploration activities, microbial pollution from open defecation and poor sanitation practices, surface water degradation, and naturally occurring high iron concentrations in groundwater, particularly in areas such as Yenagoa and surrounding communities. This publication proposes a Sustainable Drinking Water Treatment System (SDWTS) based on low-energy filtration technologies, renewable energy integration, and water reuse principles. The proposed approach combines raw water protection, pre-treatment, iron and turbidity removal, biological filtration, membrane polishing where required, solar-powered operation, and safe water reuse strategies. The system is designed for Niger Delta conditions where conventional treatment plants may struggle due to high operational costs, unreliable electricity supply, and maintenance challenges. By integrating decentralized treatment units, solar energy, nature-based processes, and smart monitoring, communities can achieve reliable access to safe drinking water while reducing carbon footprint and improving resilience. The approach aligns with Sustainable Development Goal 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), SDG 7 (Affordable Clean Energy), and SDG 13 (Climate Action) by promoting sustainable water security solutions suitable for Nigeria’s coastal and riverine communities.