BiTE: A Bitemporal Event-Centered Database Framework for Dynamic Aeronautical Information State Management

Dynamic aeronautical information is still widely disseminated through textual Notice to Air Missions (NOTAMs), while message-oriented storage cannot directly maintain the evolving states of affected objects. The objective of this study is to determine whether NOTAM-derived object events can be organized into traceable bitemporal states that support accurate and efficient current and historical access. To this end, this paper proposes BiTE, a bitemporal event-centered database framework that connects object-level event evidence, historical state versions, and materialized current-state projections. By integrating business and system time with NOTAM-specific lifecycle rules, BiTE supports state maintenance, historical reconstruction, and source traceability. A MongoDB-based prototype was evaluated using 44,591 NOTAMs from five major U.S. aerodromes. Independent manual validation showed 96.14–100% agreement across object identification and lifecycle-maintenance tasks. Across 1500 manually verified queries, BiTE achieved F1 scores of 99.43% and 98.66% for current-state and airport-overview retrieval, respectively, and a historical hit rate of 95.80%, outperforming representative message-oriented, relational-bitemporal, and RDF-based implementations. Mean query latency remained below 3.7 ms, while functionally equivalent ablations confirmed the performance contribution of the layered architecture. These results demonstrate that BiTE enables accurate, traceable, and efficient object-state management for dynamic aeronautical information.