Assessment and Potential of Geothermal Energy in Romania: A Path to Sustainable Heating Solutions

The paper explores the underutilized potential of geothermal energy in Romania, focusing on both shallow and deep geothermal systems as sustainable alternatives for heating applications. Romania’s unique geological features, particularly the Pannonian Depression, offer significant geothermal resources, yet these remain largely untapped in many regions. This study presents an analysis of the country’s geothermal reservoirs, highlighting their spatial distribution, thermophysical properties, and technical potential. In-depth data on aquifer characteristics, including temperatures, depths, and capacities, supports a comprehensive assessment of the energy output achievable from these natural systems. Current applications of geothermal resources are reviewed, including successful projects in Oradea and Timiș County, which demonstrate the viability of geothermal systems for residential and commercial heating. Furthermore, this study discusses Romania’s regulatory landscape and incentive frameworks aligned with European Union standards, identifying key barriers and opportunities for growth. With a robust foundation of technical and spatial data, this paper underscores the strategic role geothermal energy can play in Romania’s transition to a low-carbon economy, supporting both environmental sustainability and energy resilience. The results demonstrate how geomatics-based resource mapping and spatial analysis support evidence-based planning of geothermal energy systems at regional and national scales.