Drone-Based Surveillance Methods for Non-Lethal Shark Mitigation in Nearshore Environments: Current Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions

Unprovoked shark bites are one of the most recognised human–wildlife conflicts and present a significant concern for beach safety. Lethal methods of shark mitigation have previously been implemented to reduce the risk of such incidents; however, due to their destructive impacts on vulnerable marine wildlife, non-lethal approaches are increasingly preferred. In recent years, drones have emerged as an effective, minimally invasive tool for real-time shark surveillance in surf zones. Drones are also used to collect valuable data on shark ecology and behaviour in nearshore environments, which can inform evidence-based policies. This review examines the utility of drones for shark surveillance programs by identifying key operational parameters and associated challenges of drone-based methods. We investigate emerging technologies, including long-range drones, remotely operated or autonomous flight missions, and the use of artificial intelligence for shark detection and species identification. We also outline current drone licensing, laws, and regulations, noting that these vary across administrative regions (i.e., countries and states). Overall, this review provides insight into the expansion of drone-based shark surveillance in nearshore areas and its potential to enhance beach safety, support management decisions, and advance scientific knowledge without negatively impacting shark populations.