Intersectionality of age and gender discrimination: Its impact on job satisfaction among older female workers in comparison with other demographic groups

This study investigates the effects of age and gender discrimination on job satisfaction, with a specific focus on older female workers who encounter the intersection of these two biases. To elucidate how these factors operate simultaneously, the study evaluates four conceptual models: (1) Additive, where each form of discrimination has a unique, cumulative influence; (2) Synergistic, where one form strengthens the influence of the other; (3) Invisibility/Suppression, where one form weakens the influence of the other; and (4) Integrative, where age and gender discrimination function as a single latent factor. Data collected via a web survey of regular and non-regular workers compared older women (aged 50+) with older men, younger women (aged 20-39), and younger men. The analysis revealed that the integrative model accurately reflected the effects on job satisfaction across all these groups, including older women, Notably, the influence of age discrimination on job satisfaction was found to be more substantial than that of gender discrimination only in older workers. These findings suggest that while the experiences of older women are distinct, antidiscrimination measures addressing both age and gender are broadly effective in enhancing job satisfaction. Additionally, the study highlights an urgent need to prioritize and strengthen anti-age discrimination policies to support the professional well-being of older women in the workforce.