Physical activity and creativity: a chain mediation model of depression and exercise attitudes

Background: Creativity plays a vital role in university students’ development and may be influenced by both affective and cognitive mechanisms. Physical activity has been shown to be associated with reduced depressive symptoms, while depression is closely linked to cognitive functioning and creative performance. In addition, exercise attitudes are key cognitive determinants of physical activity behaviour that may shape individuals’ engagement and behavioural outcomes. This study examines how physical activity affects creativity through the mediating roles of depression and exercise attitudes. Methods: A sample of 1,124 Chinese university students (aged 18–24) completed standardized questionnaires measuring physical activity, depression, exercise attitude, and creativity. Data were analysed using correlation analysis, ANOVA, and structural equation modeling. A chain mediation model was tested with bootstrapping (5,000 samples). Results: Physical activity significantly predicted higher creativity and more positive exercise attitudes, while reducing depression. Depression and exercise attitude both independently mediated the link between physical activity and creativity. A significant chain mediation effect was also found, where physical activity reduced depression, which improved exercise attitude, ultimately enhancing creativity. The indirect effect through exercise attitude was strongest. Conclusion: Physical activity promotes creativity among university students both directly and indirectly by reducing depression and enhancing exercise attitudes. Encouraging active lifestyles may be an effective strategy for supporting students’ mental health and creative potential.