Solar/Wind Energies Potential of Sustainable Zero Energy Buildings in the Mediterranean Region: Techno-Enviro-Economic Maps and Assessment

Abstract This study evaluates the techno-enviro-economic feasibility of achieving Zero Energy Buildings (ZEBs) across 21 Mediterranean countries using rooftop photovoltaic (PV), small wind turbines, and façade-integrated PV systems. A standardized residential building model was assessed under two scenarios: full rooftop PV and full rooftop wind, with additional south-facing façade PV applied where needed to meet net-zero demand. Building energy demand was estimated using heating and cooling degree days, while renewable energy output was simulated using EES and PVsyst based on country-specific climatic data. Results show a clear advantage for solar systems, particularly in southern countries such as Egypt, Algeria, and Libya, where PV generation reaches 261–317 MWh/year with LCOEs as low as $0.11/kWh. Wind systems exhibit wider variability (54–337 MWh/year) and significantly higher costs. CO2 savings exceed 100,000 kg/year in high solar regions, while façade PV becomes essential in northern countries, requiring 50–1,200 m2 to achieve ZEB status. The study offers a decision-support tool for policy makers, investors, and engineers and supports the feasibility of ZEBs in the Mediterranean and aligns sustainability goals 13, 11, and 7.