The advantages and value of a 4-year university care worker program in Japan: Transitioning from “maid–servant syndrome care” to “person-centered care”

ABSTRACT Background: As global populations age, care worker shortages have become critical worldwide. Japan offers a unique 4-year university pathway for government-certified care worker qualification that integrates care work with social work education. Objectives: This study examines the challenge of maintaining educational quality and workforce participation using newly available national examination data. Methods: Quantitative analysis of National Examination results for Certified Care Workers (2022–2024) was combined with a systematic literature review. Statistical comparisons utilized Chi-square tests, effect size calculations, and confidence interval analysis to compare university versus nonuniversity educational routes. Results: University programs demonstrated superior pass rates (96.0%–99.4%) compared to nonuniversity routes (72.2%–84.2%, P < 0.001, large effect sizes). However, university graduates represented only 1.0% of newly certified care workers despite improved competencies in person-centered care delivery. The number of university programs declined from 58 to 53 (2022–2024), which raises concerns about the sustainability of the system. Conclusion: A critical paradox exists: University-educated care workers show superior academic preparation and person-centered care capabilities, yet represent minimal workforce participation due to economic, organizational, and social barriers. Policy interventions, including differential compensation, career pathways, and professional recognition, are needed to maximize the impact of high-quality educational preparation for improved care outcomes.