Thermodynamic behaviour of a variable Chaplygin gas in a flat universe with bulk viscosity

Abstract In this research paper, we have discussed the thermodynamic behavior of the viscous variable Chaplygin gas (VVCG) model. The equation of state $$p=-\frac{B}{\rho }$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mfrac> <mml:mi>B</mml:mi> <mml:mi>ρ</mml:mi> </mml:mfrac> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> has been used, where $$B=B_{0}V^{-\frac{n}{3}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>B</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>B</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mfrac> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:mfrac> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and $$B_{0}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>B</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:math> is a positive universal constant. Our study also includes the bulk viscosity coefficient, $$\xi =\xi _{0}{\rho }^{\frac{1}{2}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>ξ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>ξ</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>ρ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mfrac> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mfrac> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . As long as the values of n remain negative, we arrive at the intriguing conclusion that when a fluid satisfies the established stability conditions, then for $$\xi _{0}&lt;0$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>ξ</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>&lt;</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , $$(\frac{\partial p_{eff}}{\partial V})_{S}&lt;0$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mfrac> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>∂</mml:mi> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>eff</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>∂</mml:mi> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mfrac> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>S</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>&lt;</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and $$(\frac{\partial p_{eff}}{\partial V})_{T}&lt;0$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mfrac> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>∂</mml:mi> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>eff</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>∂</mml:mi> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mfrac> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>&lt;</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> throughout the entire evolution. Furthermore, it can be confirmed that both the positivity of the thermal heat capacity ( $$c_V$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math> ) and the third law of thermodynamics are applicable in this situation. Additionally, this model has been compared graphically with the VCG model, and we have discussed how all the thermal variables are functions of volume or temperature. A new general equation of state has been obtained for the VVCG model as a function of volume and temperature during a thermal process, which also shows that the universe is thermodynamically stable. Furthermore, when $$T\rightarrow 0$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mo>→</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , the parameters of the

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The European Physical Journal C
Published
2026-07-18
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-026-16057-5
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Statistical Mechanics and Entropy
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article

Thermodynamic behaviour of a variable Chaplygin gas in a flat universe with bulk viscosity

Purna Chandra Barman, Abhinath Barman
The European Physical Journal C
Statistical Mechanics and Entropy
article

Thermodynamic behaviour of a variable Chaplygin gas in a flat universe with bulk viscosity

Purna Chandra Barman, Abhinath Barman
article en

Abstract

Abstract In this research paper, we have discussed the thermodynamic behavior of the viscous variable Chaplygin gas (VVCG) model. The equation of state $$p=-\frac{B}{\rho }$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mfrac> <mml:mi>B</mml:mi> <mml:mi>ρ</mml:mi> </mml:mfrac> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> has been used, where $$B=B_{0}V^{-\frac{n}{3}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>B</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>B</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mfrac> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:mfrac> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and $$B_{0}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>B</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:math> is a positive universal constant. Our study also includes the bulk viscosity coefficient, $$\xi =\xi _{0}{\rho }^{\frac{1}{2}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>ξ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>ξ</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>ρ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mfrac> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mfrac> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . As long as the values of n remain negative, we arrive at the intriguing conclusion that when a fluid satisfies the established stability conditions, then for $$\xi _{0}&lt;0$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>ξ</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>&lt;</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , $$(\frac{\partial p_{eff}}{\partial V})_{S}&lt;0$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mfrac> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>∂</mml:mi> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>eff</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>∂</mml:mi> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mfrac> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>S</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>&lt;</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and $$(\frac{\partial p_{eff}}{\partial V})_{T}&lt;0$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mfrac> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>∂</mml:mi> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>eff</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>∂</mml:mi> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mfrac> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>&lt;</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> throughout the entire evolution. Furthermore, it can be confirmed that both the positivity of the thermal heat capacity ( $$c_V$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math> ) and the third law of thermodynamics are applicable in this situation. Additionally, this model has been compared graphically with the VCG model, and we have discussed how all the thermal variables are functions of volume or temperature. A new general equation of state has been obtained for the VVCG model as a function of volume and temperature during a thermal process, which also shows that the universe is thermodynamically stable. Furthermore, when $$T\rightarrow 0$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mo>→</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , the parameters of the

The European Physical Journal CVol. 86(7)
Raiganj University (IN), Kandahar University (AF)
Openalex Percentile: Top 8%
Statistical Mechanics and Entropy
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