Identifying the factors and causes of homelessness tendency: a qualitative study in Tehran

Homelessness is a major social challenge worldwide, with negative consequences for health and social welfare. This qualitative study, using conventional content analysis, aimed to identify factors contributing to homelessness in Tehran, Iran, in 2023. Seventeen semi-structured interviews were conducted with homeless individuals in neighborhoods and shelters. Participants were purposefully selected to ensure maximum diversity. The data were analyzed using the Granheim and Lundman method. The factors and reasons for the tendency towards homelessness can be classified into two levels: individual and social-environmental level. The subcategories at the individual level included: drug addiction, negative childhood experiences, and behavioral/psychological problems. Social‑environmental subcategories included social and communication issues, family conflicts and violence, and unsafe living environments. Homelessness has multiple causes at both micro and macro levels. Reducing its burden requires policymakers and social planners to address both individual and social factors through intersectional cooperation and targeted planning.