Review of Modelling Approaches and Perspectives for Marine Fish Farming Systems

Abstract This review systematically summarises the state-of-the-art modelling approaches for marine fish farming systems, encompassing experimental, numerical and analytical methods. It categorises key marine aquaculture structures, such as floating gravity cages, semi-submersible platforms, vessel-shaped cages and their inherent characteristics. Then it elaborates on core influencing parameters, including structural inherent factors and environmental parameters. Furthermore, the review identifies three major existing challenges: limitations of simplified calculation models, predominance of single-factor analysis and difficulties in establishing large-scale standardised databases for model validation and advanced algorithm application. Finally, this paper outlines prospective research directions to address these gaps, aiming to provide a comprehensive reference for optimising structural design, enhancing operational safety, and promoting the sustainable development of offshore marine aquaculture.