Healthcare Indicators in Lithuania: A Descriptive Analysis of Their Contextual Relevance to Health Literacy

Background/Objectives: Chronic non-communicable diseases remain one of the main public health problems. Increasing multimorbidity and the importance of health literacy (HL) emphasize the need for a comprehensive assessment of health indicators. The aim of this study was to assess the main health indicators of the Lithuanian population and trends in the use of healthcare services and to discuss the relevance of these indicators in the context of HL, based on the links between HL and these indicators described in the scientific literature. Methods: A retrospective longitudinal descriptive study was performed using publicly available Lithuanian population health statistics of 2005–2024. Mortality, morbidity, avoidable hospitalizations, subjective health assessment, and utilization of healthcare services and preventive programs were analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis. HL was not directly measured but was used as a conceptual framework for interpreting the findings. Results: In Lithuania, the highest mortality rate is due to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) (~50.8%). CVD and infectious diseases also dominate the structure of avoidable hospitalizations, and their rates vary greatly across municipalities, being higher in less urbanized areas. The assessment of the population’s health is improving over time, but gender differences remain in the use of healthcare services and preventive programs. Conclusions: The findings demonstrate a high burden of chronic diseases and regional disparities in healthcare utilization in Lithuania. HL may provide a useful context for interpreting these findings, although it was not directly assessed. Future studies should directly evaluate HL and its association with health indicators in the Lithuanian population.