Welfare, contribution, and constraints of working donkey in Ethiopia

Abstract In rural Ethiopia, working donkeys fulfill a crucial function within the economic livelihoods of local communities. These animals provide essential transportation and labor services. This review explores the welfare of working donkeys in Ethiopia, highlighting their critical role in rural livelihoods and the challenges they face. Donkeys are vital for transportation and labor, but their welfare is often neglected, leading to issues across the five freedoms: freedom from hunger and thirst, discomfort, pain, injury, and disease; the ability to express normal behavior, and freedom from fear and distress. Ethiopia has a large donkey population, crucial for rural communities. Donkeys support livelihoods through transport, agriculture, and income generation. Donkeys often lack proper feeding, housing, and veterinary care. Inappropriate harnessing, overloading, and harsh working conditions contribute to injuries and health problems. Limited awareness among owners, lack of training in donkey care, and inadequate access to veterinary services hinder improvements in donkey welfare. The article concludes that prioritizing education, resources, and veterinary care is essential for optimal utilization and improved welfare of working donkeys in Ethiopia.