The WORKWELL programme: a randomised controlled trial of job retention vocational rehabilitation for people with inflammatory arthritis

OBJECTIVE: People with inflammatory arthritis (IA) frequently experience work instability, absenteeism, and reduced productivity, culminating in early job loss. This study evaluated the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of WORKWELL job retention vocational rehabilitation (JRVR) delivered by occupational therapists, compared to a control group receiving written self-help advice. METHODS: A pragmatic, multi-centre randomised controlled trial was conducted across 18 UK NHS Trusts. Employed adults (n = 249) with IA experiencing moderate to severe work instability, were randomised (1:1) to intervention or control groups. WORKWELL included structured work assessment, individually tailored action plans, and interventions over 2-4 months. Follow-up was at 6, 12, and 36 months. The primary outcome was the Work Limitations Questionnaire-25 (WLQ-25). Analyses used linear mixed-effects regression adjusted for baseline characteristics and occupational skill level. An NHS perspective was used for the within-trial cost-effectiveness analysis. Much of the trial was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. RESULTS: At 12 months, there was no significant difference in WLQ-25 between groups (adjusted mean difference: -1.8; 95% CI -7.4 to 3.8; p = 0.53), or in most secondary outcomes at 12- or 36-months. However, absenteeism showed a relative reduction of 46% at 12 months (p = 0.08), and employment retention at 36 months was higher in the intervention (93%) vs. control group (85%). The intervention was not cost-effective from an NHS perspective. CONCLUSION: WORKWELL did not lead to improved work productivity compared to self-help advice. Future research should explore more flexible delivery methods, including digital tools, to support sustainable employment for people with IA. A plain-language abstract is available in the supplementary material. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov; NCT03942783. ISRCTN Registry; ISRCTN61762297.