Observer Reference Datum Effect: Reinterpretation of Gravitational Temporal Sequence and Derivation of Cosmological Redshift

Traditional physical frameworks explain the frequency shift of space-borne atomic clocks aboard GPS satellites within the framework of general relativity. The mainstream consensus holds that time elapses faster in high-altitude orbits and slower on the Earth’s surface, which necessitates pre-adjusting clock frequencies on-orbit to compensate for temporal discrepancies. Through logical deduction based on the Observer Reference Datum Effect, this paper overturns this established understanding, demonstrating that the actual physical picture features faster time flow in spacetime at ground level and slower time flow in high-orbit spacetime. This work constructs a temporal synchronization model and the Observer Reference Datum Theorem, offering a self-consistent account of the engineering essence of the pre-tuning of GPS atomic clock frequencies. A decisive experiment involving in-situ comparison of multi-layer atomic clocks is proposed to rigorously distinguish between the theory presented herein and the classical gravitational time dilation conclusion. Extending this effect to the context of cosmological redshift, we further derive a quantitative transformation relation: the intrinsic redshift factor of celestial objects equals the one-half power of the observed redshift factor, while the observed redshift factor is the square of the intrinsic redshift factor. This study requires no additional cosmological hypotheses and relies solely on logical deduction from observational phenomena.