Embryodysgenesis of the Lids and Orbit

The 2025 Cambridge Ophthalmology Symposium focused on "Embryogenesis and the Eye". This review discusses key mechanisms in embryodysgenesis contributing to abnormal development of the eyelids and bony orbit. Most of these anomalies can be categorized as malformations, primarily divided into two groups: 1. Premature Craniosynostoses and 2. Congenital Craniofacial Clefting Disorders. Etiologic factors influencing both categories are reviewed, along with advantages of an adaptation of the Tessier clockface system in classifying craniofacial clefts into four regional areas. Current diagnostic and management concepts for these two major congenital craniofacial groups are reviewed.