Effects of high- and low-phenolic pea and field bean residues at contrasting doses on soil respiration, mineral N dynamics, microbial biomass, and subsequent barley growth

Abstract Background and aims Legume residues are important organic inputs, but their effects depend on residue chemistry and application rate. This study examined how pea ( Pisum sativum ) and field bean ( Vicia faba ) residues with contrasting phytochemical compositions influenced soil functioning and subsequent barley growth, assessing how residue quality and dose shape soil responses. Methods A sandy loam soil was amended with residues from four legume genotypes with contrasting phytochemical profiles but similar C:N ratios, applied at low (5 t ha⁻ 1 ) and high (20 t ha⁻ 1 ) rates. Unamended and mineral fertilization treatments were included for comparison. Barley was then grown in a microcosm setup for 8 weeks, and soil CO₂ efflux, microbial biomass C, inorganic N dynamics, and plant biomass were assessed. Results High-dose applications substantially increased cumulative CO₂ emissions but led to reduced microbial biomass, lower nitrate availability, and significantly suppressed barley growth, particularly for high-phenolic genotypes. In contrast, low-dose low-phenolic residues increased microbial biomass, promoted nitrification, and supported barley growth comparable with mineral fertilizers. Phenolic-rich residues maintained higher ammonium levels and showed reduced microbial and plant responses, indicating inhibitory effects of certain phytochemicals on soil processes. Conclusion Residue impacts on soil processes and crop performance depend strongly on both phytochemical composition and application rate. Low-phenolic residues applied at moderate doses have positively impacted microbial functioning, nitrogen cycling, and barley biomass, whereas high doses, especially of high-phenolic material, were detrimental to microbial activity and plant growth. Integrating residue chemistry into nutrient management could enhance the sustainability of legume-based cropping systems.