Early Language and Mental Health Cascades in Preadolescents With and Without History of Late Talking

Purpose: This study compared mental health outcomes in preadolescents with and without a history of late talking (HLT) to determine whether outcomes cascade from early language ability, considering ecological and early mental health factors. Method: We included 52 Mandarin-speaking preadolescents (100% Han Chinese) 9–11 years of age: 26 with HLT ( M = 10.15 years, SD = 0.34; 20 boys, six girls) and 26 without HLT ( M = 10.20 years, SD = 0.38; 17 boys, nine girls). Both groups had comparable nonverbal cognitive abilities ( p = .721). The mental health outcomes assessed, based on parents' reports and participants' performance in laboratory tasks, included conceptual learning for adaptation, competence and emotion, self-regulation, and autism-like characteristics. Early language ability was assessed during toddlerhood (24–32 months of age) and the preschool period (48–57 months of age). Results: Preadolescents with HLT performed worse in conceptual learning, self-regulation, and social functioning than those without HLT ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">η</mml:mi> <mml:msup> <mml:mi fontfamily="TimesNewRomanPSMT" mathvariant="italic">p</mml:mi> <mml:mn fontfamily="TimesNewRomanPSMT">2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:msub> </mml:math> s = .08–.20), indicating medium-to-large effect sizes. These three domains were associated with early language ability, showing moderate correlations ( r s = .31–.52 or −.28 to −.41). Conclusions: Preadolescents with HLT had more mental health problems than those without HLT, which was linked to early language abilities. Their mental health should be understood from a developmental cascade perspective, emphasizing early identification and intervention, starting in childhood. Monitoring mental health may be particularly important during the transition to formal schooling.