Stress and Temperature Dual-Mode Sensing Based on Sb ^{3 <b>+</b>} -Doped Cs ₂ ZrCl ₆

The integration of mechanoluminescence (ML) and thermochromic behavior into a single material holds significant promise for applications in flexible electronics, multidimensional sensing, and interactive devices. Inorganic halide perovskites, owing to their intrinsic structural flexibility and tunable bandgap, are excellent candidates for multifunctional materials. However, research into these combined functionalities has remained notably limited to date. To bridge this gap and explore the potential of such material systems for intelligent sensing applications, this study develops a lead-free Cs 2 ZrCl 6: Sb 3+ perovskite that exhibits dynamically tunable ML color and thermally activated emission switching. Through strategic doping, we combined the intrinsic blue ML of the host with incorporated red-emitting centers, enabling colorimetric pressure sensing. The material achieved a remarkable maximum relative sensitivity ( S r ) of 1% K –1 at 300 K. Furthermore, we integrated it into a novel photoelectric system as a proof of concept that simultaneously characterized optical intensity and chromaticity. This work not only elucidates the luminescence mechanisms in lead-free perovskites but also establishes a new paradigm for developing intelligent, self-diagnostic ML sensors.