Intergenerational Knowledge Exchange in Japanese Biosphere Reserves: Community Perceptions from Aya and Mount Hakusan

This study explores community perception of how traditional knowledge is transmitted across generations within two Japanese UNESCO Biosphere Reserves (BRs): Aya and Mount Hakusan. Using a mixed-methods approach combining surveys and interviews with elders, youth, community leaders, and local entrepreneurs, the research examines how respondents perceive intergenerational exchange as a support for sustainable practices and ecotourism-based livelihoods. Across both sites, traditional ecological knowledge is widely recognized by participants as essential for cultural continuity and community resilience, and younger generations view elders as key knowledge holders. However, reported differences in social and governance contexts shape how knowledge is perceived to be shared: respondents indicate that Aya's cohesive, single-town BR facilitates regular, structured exchanges, while the multi-municipality structure of Mount Hakusan creates challenges for coordination and youth engagement. Overall, the findings suggest that fostering effective intergenerational learning strengthens conservation values, supports sustainable entrepreneurship, and fosters cultural bridging within and beyond local communities. The study highlights the importance of policies that cultivate shared learning spaces, mentorship networks, and community-based education to sustain traditional knowledge in rural regions.