Insights from tracking white-bellied pangolins, and implications for telemetry-based research on <i>Phataginus</i> species

Abstract Pangolins are one of the least studied mammal groups, with major gaps in our knowledge of their population status and ranging behaviour. These shortfalls arise from their elusive habits and the lack of telemetry devices suited to their biology and morphology, which has hindered efforts (including ours) to collect long-term ecological data. Here, we share insights from 24 months of fieldwork, costing c. USD 10,000, studying the ranging behaviour of the white-bellied pangolin Phataginus tricuspis in Nigeria’s Cross River National Park. Despite testing multiple approaches, including very high frequency (VHF) and modified solar-powered GPS telemetry tags, camera traps and UV-reflective markings, we obtained only c. 1 week of usable movement data. The modified devices enabled attachment to pangolin scales but were limited by short battery life and difficulty in retrieval. Combining VHF and GPS tags aided recovery and data retrieval, but required frequent recapture, which could increase animal stress. Overall, our experience shows that obtaining meaningful telemetry data for Phataginus species remains extremely challenging with current technologies. We recommend developing lightweight, long-lasting tracking devices with attachment systems adapted to pangolins’ scaled morphology. Such innovations will be key to advancing ecological research on these heavily hunted and trafficked mammals.