Gut microbiota–nanoparticle interactions in Parkinson’s disease: mechanistic insights and therapeutic perspective

OBJECTIVE: This review introduces the 'nanomaterial-microbiome-brain interface' as a conceptual framework uniting three systems: gut microbiota, nanoparticles, and neurodegeneration. MAIN FINDINGS: We synthesize evidence showing that titanium dioxide, silver, and zinc oxide nanoparticles differentially alter microbial composition. These microbial shifts intersect with established gut-brain mechanisms, including short-chain fatty acid production and immune modulation, providing plausible pathways linking nanomaterial exposure to neurological outcomes. CONCLUSION: We propose the 'nanomaterial-microbiome-brain interface' as a novel conceptual framework with twofold relevance-serving both as a potential contributor to Parkinson's disease pathogenesis through unintentional environmental exposure, and as an underexplored avenue for therapeutic intervention. Critical knowledge gaps persist. Addressing these gaps will require integrated approaches that bridge nanomaterial research, microbiome science, and neurodegeneration studies.